LEARDERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT IN HEALTH | NOTES ZA WIZARA | CMT LEVEL 6

Leadership

Is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent

A process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal

Leadership is a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the achievement of a goal (Kruse, 2013)

 

Management can be defined as

The process of reaching organizational goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources

The attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading and controlling organizational resources

 

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NOTES ZA WIZARA | CMT LEVEL 6

Management has three major characteristics:

  1. It is a process or series of continuing and related activities
  2. It involves and concentrates on reaching organizational goals
  3. It reaches these goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources
  4. Effective managers or leaders require both qualities of a manager or a leader

 

Leader

Someone who directs other people motivate

A person who inspire other people in a group or organization towards achieving a set goal

 

Manager

A person who supervises and guides employees for direction

 

 

Differences Between Leader and Manager (1)

1. Leadership differs from management in a sense that:

managers lay down the structure and delegates authority and responsibility, leaders provides direction by developing the organizational vision and communicating it to the employees and inspiring them to achieve it

 

manager focus on planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling; leader focus on listening, building relationships, teamwork, inspiring, motivating and persuading the followers

 

a leader gets his authority from his followers, a manager gets his authority by virtue of his position in the organization

managers follow the organization’s policies and procedure, the leaders follow their own instinct.

 

managers are exact, planned, standard, logical and more of mind (more of science),  leader is like an artist

manager deals with the technical dimension in an organization; leader deals with the people aspect in an organization

 

manager evaluates people by their name, past records, present performance; leader evaluates individuals as having potential for things that can’t be measured and it deals with future and the performance of people if their potential is fully extracted

 

manager is reactive, leader is proactive

manager is based more on written communication, while leader is based more on verbal communication

 

Different Leadership Styles

What are the different leadership styles?

In the provision of health information services, all leaders do not possess same attitude or same perspective

 

1. Autocratic Leadership Style

A leader has complete command and hold over their team.

 

2. The Laissez Faire Leadership Style

The leader totally trusts their team to perform the job themselves

 

3. Democrative/Participative leadership style

The leaders invite and encourage the team members to play an important role in decision-making process, though the ultimate decision-making power rests with the leader.

 

4. Bureaucratic leadership

Here the leaders strictly adhere to the organizational rules and policies.

 

5. Charismatic Leadership

A charismatic leadership style can resemble transformational leadership because these leaders inspire enthusiasm in their teams and are energetic in motivating others to move forward  

 

NOTE: A perfect/standard leadership style is one which assists a leader in getting the best out of the people who follow him.

 

Leadership Skills (2)

1. Building effective relationship with peers, supervisors and subordinates

Develop common objectives and strategy with other people and organization  

 

2. Planning

Leaders have to Create vision, mission statement, priority setting, setting goals and objectives, mobilizing and aligning resources  

 

Conducting meetings  

 

3. Delegating tasks to followers

Essence of leadership is to achieve organizational goal through others

 

4. Managing conflicts and managing change

 

5. Negotiating

Important for resolving conflict and achieve organizational goals with other people or organization

 

6. Problem solving and decision making

 

7. Building performing teams

A leader should be able to form and develop team with relevant capability

 

8. Assessing performance of individuals, groups and organization

A leader should be able to assess the performance of followers and organizations or units in an organization

 

9. Empowerment

Empower followers to perform their assignments

 

 

Management Skills (1)

The managerial skills can be summarized into three categories:  

 

Conceptual skills

There are cognitive or thinking abilities that enable a manager to see the organization as a whole system and its relationship among parts

They include managers thinking, information processing, and diagnosing and planning skills  

 

Technical expertise

Are understanding and proficiency in the performing of specific tasks in a particular profession (e.g. engineering or medicine or nursing)

They include mastery of the methods, techniques, processes, tools and equipment in specific functions or discipline

Technical skills are important at lower levels of the organization (service provider level)

 

A theory is a set of principles that explain situation, event or phenomenon and can be used to make prediction

Leadership theories is a set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that are advanced to explain or predict leadership issues and their outcomes

Theories are important as they help managers, leaders and learners to

i. explain why something takes a specific form or occur

ii. explain how things are done, work and how they are

iii. Predict leadership event will occur given the prevailing situations

iv. To analyze management or leadership issues

 

"Great Man" Theory

Great man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent, that great leaders are born, not made

It was thought of primarily as a male quality

 

Advantage

Leadership characteristics e.g. persuasiveness, charm and demanding are passed through the genes; either you have them or you do not

 

Limitations

A major limitation to this is that, there is no scientific basis and thus is a mere provisional perception

 

 

Trait Theory

Assumes that people inherit certain qualities/traits that make them better suited to leadership e.g. traits like honest, self-confidence or decisiveness are all traits that are potentially linked to great leaders

 

Advantage

It builds on the premise that leaders are distinctive.

 

Limitations

If particular traits are key features of leadership, then how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders?

 

 

Contingency Theories

Contingency theory states that effective leadership depends on the degree of fit between a leader’s qualities and leadership style and that demanded by a specific situation

According to this theory, no single leadership style is appropriate in all situations

 

Advantages

  1. It suggests not to expect leaders to be equally effective in all situations and therefore organizations should consider leaders in optimal situations according to their leadership style

 

Situational Theory

An approach to leadership based on the notion that there is no single best leadership style.

It proposes that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational conditions or circumstances.

 

Advantages

  1. Easy to understand and use
  2. Recognizes the need for flexibility on the part of leaders. Thus, work gets done, relationships are built up, and most importantly, the follower’s development
  3. Places the relationship between the leader and the employee at the center of the management experience

 

 

Behavioral Theory

It is based on the belief that great leaders are made, not born

Focuses on the actions of leaders not on intellectual qualities

 

Advantages

  1. Supports the idea that leadership traits can be learned through development and experience

 

Limitations

  1. People being able to learn the practices and behaviors does not mean they will be able to enact the theory properly

 

Participative Theory

Ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account

Encourages participation from group members and help group members to feel relevant and committed to the decision-making process

Advantages

  1. Increase in productivity ; job satisfaction;  motivation; improved quality and reduced costs

 

Limitations

  1. Decision making slows down and less effective with unskilled workers. Also, security issues (increased likelihood of information being leaked out)

 

 

Transactional Theory

Transactional leadership theories assume that the desires of the leader and the desires of the follower are not the same.

Thus, the leader must provide some form of extrinsic motivation for the follower

 

Advantages

  1. Employee motivation; based on reward and punishment

 

Limitations

  1. Does not encourage creativity, since it is rigid
  2. Creates more followers than leaders

 

 

Relationship/Transformational Theory

Focuses on the connections formed between leaders and followers

 

Advantages

  1. lowers turnover costs, engages the full person; seek to avoid coercion
  2. Enthusiasm created quickly changes low-morale situations
  3. It encourages ongoing learning and development

 

Limitations

  1. Requires constant and consistent feedback
  2. A need of followers to agree with their leader

 

 

Skills Theory

This theory states that learned knowledge and acquired skills/abilities are significant factors in the practice of effective leadership 

 

Advantages

  1. Helps develop a strong understanding of leadership
  2. Leaves room for improvement and development